Under the backdrop of national healthcare reform policies, primary laboratory departments, as fundamental components of the medical service system, play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of primary healthcare services and implementing the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system. This study proposes potential research directions for primary laboratory departments based on their characteristics and responsibilities, such as improving laboratory diagnosis and management for common diseases (respiratory infections, diabetes, and hypertension), strengthening quality control, and advancing research on informatization and intelligent management. Additionally, strategies and measures to achieve research objectives are suggested, including enhancing personnel training and team building, upgrading equipment and technical capabilities, establishing a robust quality control system, fostering collaboration with other medical institutions, and securing policy support and resource allocation. Through the implementation of these measures, primary laboratory departments are expected to contribute to the early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and comprehensive management of common and chronic diseases, thereby becoming a vital scientific research base in the public health system and providing a solid foundation for achieving the goal of universal health.